The Science which I am most familiar, evaluations of faculty for promotions still tend to penalize team efforts, compared with research advances by individual investigators. University and sometimes government laboratory promotion evaluations continue to favor single-author or first-author papers on work that can be conceived, planned, funded, conducted, and analyzed in relatively short time periods. Such institutions need to develop ways of stimulating and rewarding highly effective team efforts, thereby modeling what we are teaching. Some universities, including the University of Michigan, have introduced specific guidance on evaluating the roles of faculty critical to team science in the merit and promotion processes. Prevention Research Promoting better health and preventing diseases and injuries require a population perspective and research strategy. We have a growing and aging population. It is inevitable that healthcare will cost a lot more in future decades. One way to moderate that increase and get more value from our research expenditures is to become more effective in preventing or delaying serious illnesses and injuries. Current efforts focus mainly on diagnosis and treatment, and only minimally on prevention, in all aspects of the life sciences and health programs. Linking information about genetic variation with information about non-genetic variables of behavior, diet, metabolism, environmental exposures, and medical interventions will be essential for credible guidance about disease prevention and health promotion. The complexity of communications in this domain is obvious. While implementing the Genetic Information Non- Discrimination Act (GINA) and protecting confidentiality and privacy of personal health information, we must rrent focus mainly on diagnosis and treatment, and only minimally on prevention 35
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