M e d i c i n e A ve 2 and needs professional help for it to expand, and sometimes publishers act completely on their own. In pursuing such opportunities, a typical goal is to reduce reliance on advertising, with its inherent volatility. A third major trend over the past two decades has been a realignment of journal ownership. Large public and private companies have acquired smaller, sometimes family-owned companies, while some larger companies have also divested. The following are some notable acquisitions of the past two decades: Publisher Acquisitions, 1990-2008 1990— J.B. Lippincott acquired by Wolters Kluwer. 1991— The management of Cliggott Communications bought back the company from Media General. 1995— J.B. Lippincott merged with Raven Publishing to become Lippincott-Raven. 1998— SCP bought Cliggott. 1998— Lippincott-Raven merged with Williams & Wilkins to form Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 2001— Reed Elsevier acquired Harcourt General, which included Academic Press, W.B. Saunders, Churchill Livingstone, and Mosby. 2003— CMP Healthcare Media, a unit of United Business Media, acquired Cliggott and The Oncology Group from SCP 2003— Advanstar Communications bought the publications of Medical Economics Company from The Thomson Corporation. 2005— Lebhar-Friedman acquired Dowden Health Media. 2005— Ascend Media purchased Medical World Communications. 2006— Wicks Medical Information bought Jobson Publishing. 2007— John Wiley & Sons completed the acquisition of Blackwell Publishing. 2007— Quadrant HealthCom acquired five publications from Jobson Healthcare Group. 2008— Haymarket acquired the operations of two US Healthcare Communications oncology titles. 2008— Ascend Media sold its medical titles to Intellisphere. 142
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